Wallersteins worldsystems theory has spawned another approach called worldsystems analysis. Pdf dependency theory and africas underdevelopment. Background of the study sub saharan africa s growth performance since gaining independence from colonial rule in the 1960s has been quite disappointing and utterly unacceptable. Wole soyinka avers that africa s underdevelopment is the outcome of the twin evils of slavery and colonialism inflicted by the western world. Abstract dependency and underdevelopment in africa is our main thrust which we try to relate the above to the nigerian context. Because, underdevelopment is not simply the opposite of development, it is actually a special condition that has risen in the postcolonial third world that creates a hindrance to the. Doc dependency and underdevelopment in africa abhishek. In fact, this year, the british prime minister theresa may remarked that africa and in particular nigeria is home to some of the poorest people in the world. This widespread poverty serves as a chief cause of underdevelopment in africa. The roots of latin american underdevelopment, in fann and hodges, readings, op. European studies essays frank underdevelopment dependency. Africa today is underdeveloped in relation to western europe and a few other parts of the world. Used primarily to distinguish states along benchmarks concerning human developmentsuch as macroeconomic growth, health, education, and standards of livingan underdeveloped state is.
Essay underdevelopment of africa 635 words bartleby. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system. Dependency and third world underdevelopment african journals. Different schools of thought have developed in order to find out the causes of africas underdevelopment. Foreign aid as a neocolonialist instrument of dependency and underdevelopment of nigeria uduma, d. Introduction dependency as a concept is widely used by social scientists to explain the unequal relationship between the third world countries and the developed nations.
For this purpose, this paper examines the definitions of dependency, general perspectives, classifications, and the criticism of dependency theory. The idea of economic underdevelopment is a very important one. Dependency theories and underdevelopment emerald insight. Abstract this study espouses the impact of foreign aid as an instrument of dependency and underdevelopment in nigeria. Download the complete political science project topic and material chapter 15 titled dependency and underdevelopment in africa.
Dependency as we all know is a product of underdevelopment which is prevalent in africa in general and nigeria in particular. It is certain that nigeria is an independent nation, but it does not reflect in all the facts in the society since the super structures that form the society and state are dependent on foreign policy and factors. The work discovered that africa found itself more caged in a circle of dependency and underdevelopment despite all the trade negotiations, open opportunities, and technological transfer. Compared with the third world, development indicators of africa have lagged persistently. Paul baran, in his work the political economy of growth 1973, first published in 1957, pioneered the theory of underdevelopment.
Declaration of a new international economic order, the view that. The conclusion is that both theories have failed to help develop africa. A critical analysis on the reasons of underdevelopment in africa failed states and reasons for social unrest in africa stephen ekokobe awung essay politics international politics region. There are three main schools of scholars that discuss the reasons of underdevelopment in the third world and they also try and provide specific frameworks for overcoming those problems and heading towards a developed state. A critique of modernization and dependency theories in.
This study sets out to argue that dependency as a historical fact in africa and third world evolutionary process affected their development but should not be the reason why africa has remained backward even after many decades of self rule. For instance, the modernist school believes that africa needs to follow the development strategies of the industrialized nations before it can be developed, while the dependency theorists argued that the exploitation of africa by the super powers was responsible for africas. Article availability in different formats pdf, epub, full text. Concepts of development and underdevelopment objectives. The paper pinpoints that corruption is the core reason behind african underdevelopment and it laid emphasis on corruption and underdevelopment interface in nigeria.
According to dependence theories, the cause of underdevelopment is the dependence on industrialized countries while internal factors of developing countries are considered irrelevant or seen as symptoms and consequences of dependence. The causes of underdevelopment in the third world and. Economic underdevelopment in africa violence in twentieth. See below for the abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, list of appendices, list of abbreviations and chapter one. The roots of rural poverty in central and southern africa, london 1977.
Without a doubt, africa is one of the most blessed continents on our planet in terms of both natural and human resources. Africa is the worlds secondlargest and second most populous continent, after. Dependency and underdevelopment in africa project materials. The politics of economic change 191939, london 1973. Underdevelopment per walter rodney is primarily made of two components, a comparative aspect as well the relationship of exploitation. Consequently, the country has played host to numerous imperialist powers. Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. This study was undertaken to unravel the cause of the african underdevelopment. Frank was very critical of the theories of sociology of development and connected processes of. Underdevelopment and dependence in black africa origins and contemporary forms by samir amin contemporary black africa can be divided into wide regions which are clearly different from one another.
A critical analysis on the reasons of underdevelopment in. Pointedly, it is directly aimed at ascertaining the relationship between foreign aid and the dependency status of. The discourse pins hope on the african renaissance theory of development. Africa publish your bachelors or masters thesis, dissertation, term paper or essay. Section 4 is how corruption underdeveloped africa, while section 5 is the conclusion. The discourse assesses the influence of modernization and dependency theories on africa s development. Also, as a result of underdevelopment of africa, african nations rely on foreign countries for technological advancements. In short, dependency theory attempts to explain the present underdeveloped state of many nations. But it is more difficult to analyse these differences and to study their nature, origin, and effects than to see them. There are a number of propositions, all of which are contestable, which form the core of dependency theory. Tina, aids, and the underdevelopment problem in africa scielo.
The theories of underdevelopment are essentially dependency theories. Frank proposed the idea that development and underdevelopment are two sides of the same coin. In critical development and postcolonial studies, the concepts of development. It is due to selfishness of the leaders, corruption, trade dependency, favouritism, civil war, poor leadership and poor planning. Dependency, theoretical assumptions, africa, underdevelopment and third world. A more nuanced approach to understanding dependency suggested that development and dependence were in some respects compatible. The political economy of neocolonialism, london 1975, palmer, r.
Yet it has not managed to capitalize on its wealth. Modernization, dependency, rural underdevelopment, african. A strict definition of this is absolutely in dispensary before starting a discussion on this topic. Colonizers used the idea of being at completely separate evolutionary points in. Underdevelopment is a condition fundamentally different from undevelopment. Is it the long history of slave trade, the legacy of extractive colonial institutions, or the fallout of malaria. Dependency and underdevelopment in africa project topics. So what are the causes of underdevelopment in africa and possible solutions. It has brought about so many consequences, but of all, the economy is the most affected sector because the. Such challenges as dependency, corruption, underdeveloped infrastructure and production sectors, and leadership and governance are some of the impediments to africa.
Majorly depending on external assistance will lead africa nowhere. The estim ation result shows that malaria explains more than one four th of the variation within africa. Dependency and worldsystems perspectives on development. Dependency and underdevelopment in africa is our main thrust which we try to relate the above to the nigerian context.
Africans are the major cause of their underdevelopment. Causes of underdevelopment in developing countries answers. The second most populous continent which has an abundance of highly valuable minerals. Another area of consolidating africas dependency and underdevelopment is. They argue that underdevelopment is primarily due to historical evolution of a highly unequal international capitalist system of richpoor country relationship. Department of mass communication akwa ibom state polytechnic, ikot ekpene, nigeria email. When considering the causes of economic underdevelopment and dependency on the part of african countries, it is important to remember that this distinction is the explicit result of exploitation at the hands of colonizers. Underdevelopment, relating to international development, reflects a broad condition or phenomena defined and critiqued by theorists in fields such as economics, development studies, and postcolonial studies. A critical analysis on the reasons of underdevelopment in africa.
This project report looks to the theories, concepts and studies of the wellknown german prolific and controversial development economist and sociologist of postwar era, andre gunder frank. Africa is home to a very large percentage of the poorest people in the world. African nations are constantly running to world powers to beg for aids so that their countries do not derail. This paper examined the impacts of globalisation in consolidating africas economic and political dependency and underdevelopment. This has necessitated the evocation of dependency theory in explaining africas cum nigerias underdevelopment situation, hence africas underdevelopment has been linked to two categories of factors. What are the root causes of africa s current state of under development. So used are we to this assessment that we forget that africa was, at least in. The latter term simply refers to a condition in which resources are not being used. Concepts of the underdevelopment and dependencies politics. A critical analysis in addition to the large expanse of arable land sudan has a large deposit of important minerals and natural resources such as iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, and tungsten, uranium, silver and gold.
He, in the beginning, criticized the wellrecognized contribution of rostows. How europe underdeveloped africa abahlali basemjondolo. The concept of dependency and underdevelopment draws our attention to the stagnation, deplorable and peripheral condition of africa, asia, latin america, in the international system. These concepts which have come to be known as dependency theories, have not only gained, in a short space of time, widespread acceptance by left wing intellectuals but have also permeated the thinking of ldc spokemen who were instrumental in embodying within the 1974 u. Causes of economic dependency when considering the causes of economic underdevelopment and dependency on the part of african countries, it is important to remember that this distinction is the explicit result of exploitation at the hands of colonizers. Over the years, african political and development scholars, writers and commentators have blamed the europeans for the underdevelopment of african. Africa, being the original home of man, was a major. Colonizers used the idea of being at completely separate evolutionary points in development. Click the download now button to get the complete project work instantly. Commission for africa 2005 analysis and evidence 10.
Dependency theorists sought to explain persistent levels of under development in latin america by situating national economies within their global economic context. Hence, this paper makes a clarion call to the current african leaders to seriously look more inwards and less outwards for african development. Rich countries are intentionally exploitative or unintentionally neglectful. These concepts which have come to be known as dependency theories, have not only gained, in a short space of time, widespread acceptance by left wing intellectuals but have also permeated the thinking of ldc. Every continent independently participated in the early epochs of the extension of mans control over his environment which means in effect that every continent can point to a period of economic development. Latin american dependency theory global south studies, u. It has brought about so many consequences, but of all, the economy is the most affected sector. Development, underdevelopment, dependency, bad leadership and governance. Foreign aid as a neocolonialist instrument of dependency. Development and underdevelopment in the third world. The causes of underdevelopment in developing countries include. A thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of arts mcmaster university august1983. Imperialism and neocolonialism from former or superior nations whom directly or indirectly might be in the helms of affairs of these. At the beginning of the 1970s, new concepts of development theory began increasingly to be articulated in english by writers inspired by the work of radical latin american scholars.
Concepts of the underdevelopment and dependencies politics essay. Jun 30, 2016 causes of underdevelopment and development. Dependency and underdevelopment in africa a case study the. The stages of economic growth published in 1971 and popularized the views of baran.
It is certain that nigeria is an independent nation, but it does not reflect in all the facts in the. Modernization, dependency, rural underdevelopment, african renaissance. The thrust of the dependency theory is the position that third world or peripheral countries are underdeveloped and poor because their economy were fused into. This has necessitated the evocation of dependency theory in explaining africa s cum nigerias underdevelopment situation, hence africa s underdevelopment has been linked to two categories of factors. The discourse assesses the influence of modernization and dependency theories on africas development. Imperialism and economic underdevelopment in sudan. Franks theory of underdevelopment your article library. Dependency and underdevelopment of africa nigeria inclusive, is unveiled by successive phenomena such as slave trade, capitalism, colonialism, imperialism and neocolonialism. Underdevelopment of africa underdevelopment in africa is a problem that has been plaguing the countries all over the continent for a very long time.
The concept of underdevelopment and dependency are associated with the studying of the third world countries and this theory is concerned with the position of the third world countries in the global arena as developing or underdeveloped countries and the reason why it is so. It is certain that nigeria is an independent nation. This model relates to the scholars like andre gunder frank, samir amin, immanuel wallerstein and h. The main weakness of dependency theory lies in explaining the origin of underdevelopment. Jul 11, 2017 dependency and underdevelopment in africa is our main thrust which we try to relate the above to the nigerian context. Pdf globalisation and consolidation of dependency and. Dependency and underdevelopment in africa edustore. Why africa remains underdeveloped despite its potential. Underdevelopment and dependence in black africaorigins.
And, as most of the former colonies belong today to the underdeveloped. Andre gunder frank was immensely influenced by paul baran. The concept of underdevelopment and dependency are associated with the studying of the third world countries and this theory is concerned with the position of the third world countries in the global arena as developing or underdeveloped. The internal factors, nnadozie said, fan the ember of.
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